A dramatic device that allows the audience to be aware of things that some or all of charters in a text do not. For example if act 1 scene 4 of shake sphere’s Macbeth speaks in an aside (the audience) telling us that he’s going to have dispense with the king’s son Malcolm in order to become king himself.
pathetic fallacy is a way of showing human feelings or responses to imitate things or animals for example in act 1 scene 1 when Macbeth meets the three witches and he is told that they shall meet again. A paradox is a statement the contradicts against itself for example in act 1 scene 1 the three witches say that we will meet again when the battle is lost and won the foul is fair and fair is foul.